CCTV News:Recently, a news that six teachers in Yongsheng County, Lijiang, Yunnan Province were demoted for playing mahjong during the winter vacation aroused public concern. Some people questioned that playing mahjong should be dealt with, especially during the winter vacation. Is this too harsh on teachers? In addition, how to define entertainment or gambling? In this regard, the "Rule of Law Online" reporter rushed to the local area to interview the relevant parties exclusively.

　　　　　　 According to Deng Chaobin, director of Yongbei Police Station of Yongsheng County Public Security Bureau who handled this case, on the afternoon of February 16, 2019, the police station received an alarm and some people gathered for gambling.

　　　　　　 Deng Chaobin, director of Yongbei Police Station of Yongsheng County Public Security Bureau, said: "On the afternoon of February 16th, we received an anonymous report from the masses, that is to say, in this family at No.43 Huancheng East Road in our jurisdiction, some people gathered to gamble, so after receiving this report from the masses that day, our police station immediately organized the police to rush to this reported place."

　　　　　　 According to the police, the reported location is located on the fourth floor of a residential building. The picture of the law enforcement recorder shows that when the police rushed to the scene and asked the people in the room to open the door, no one came to open the door. From the window of the corridor, it can be clearly seen that two men in the room jumped out of the window on the fourth floor to escape, while others hurriedly fled in the room.

　　　　　　 Deng Chaobin: "When we arrived at the scene, we found that there was a mahjong table in each of the three rooms, and they were all playing mahjong." Subsequently, the police conducted a survey on the scene, and they found that the amount of gambling funds at each table was not small.

　　　　　　 Deng Chaobin: "In general, three tables of mahjong add up to 28,800 yuan, so the gambling money collected from three tables of mahjong is more than 12,000, the second table is more than 9,000, and the third table is more than 6,900. That’s right."

　　　　　　 Subsequently, the police took the people in the house to the police station for further investigation. Subsequently, the police found through investigation that this is not a simple entertainment activity between friends. Because some people who gamble know each other, and some are the first time to join in gambling.

　　　　　　 The police found that Zhang, the owner of this apartment on the fourth floor, usually attracts some friends to play mahjong at home and collects some fees from them. At the same time, the police found that among the 12 gamblers, nine were public officials, six of whom were teachers.

　　　　　　 Deng Chaobin: "After the seizure on the same day, the words in the process of inquiry also reflected that some had won or lost thousands of dollars, some had almost lost all of them, and some had won thousands of dollars. That’s right. According to our local salary standard, that is to say, the monthly salary of these public officials is several thousand dollars. It can be said that according to the gambling money seized that day, it can be said that almost one month’s salary is taken with you to participate in this gambling. Then some of them are nearly half of their wages, so their per capita gambling money on that day far exceeds our minimum standard of illegal gambling in all parts of the country. This is the case. "

　　　　　　 Nine public officials participated in gambling and seized 28,800 gambling funds.

　　　　　　 Twelve people gamble and nine are public officials. How to punish them? According to the local police, 28,800 gambling funds were seized on the spot, which did not meet the criteria for criminal offences. Therefore, they made penalties according to the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment.

　　　　　　 Article 70 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Public Security Administration Punishment stipulates that those who provide conditions for gambling for the purpose of making profits, or who participate in gambling with a large amount of money, shall be detained for less than five days or fined less than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and be fined not less than 500 yuan but not more than 3,000 yuan.

　　　　　　 Then, how to identify the gambling capital? According to the local police, they mainly refer to the Guiding Opinions on Discretion Standards for Handling Gambling Illegal Cases published by the Yunnan Provincial Public Security Department in January 2019, and comprehensively consider the identification standards across the country. In this guidance, Article 4 stipulates that "those who participate in gambling with a large amount of money" as stipulated in Article 70 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Public Security Administration Punishment refers to a gambling administrative case in which the per capita gambling amount is less than 2,000 yuan in 200 yuan.

　　　　　　 Deng Chaobin: "So from a national perspective, it is between 200 and 500. Then, judging from the gambling money collected from three tables of mahjong that day, each table far exceeds this range, and it has reached at least 1,700 yuan, and the smallest table has reached more than 1,700."

　　　　　　 Which situation is "serious"? The Ministry of Public Security issued guidance.

　　　　　　 At the same time, the police introduced that according to the "Guiding Opinions on the Discretion of Public Security Organs to Punish Some Violations of Public Security Management" issued by the Ministry of Public Security in June 2018, Article 78, paragraph 3, stipulates that the participation of state staff in gambling belongs to "serious circumstances".

　　　　　　 Deng Chaobin: "This is the guidance of our Ministry of Public Security. As the actual situation of cracking down on gambling crimes in the whole country, that is to say, every public official also represents his own official status. Then what you are doing represents the image of this unit and has a different impact on society. If these public officials participate in gambling, it means that it is clearly stipulated that the circumstances are serious according to the guidance, so the punishment range means that they should be punished for more than 10 days."

　　　　　　 According to the police, according to these laws and regulations and the specific circumstances of the case, they finally made a punishment decision.

　　　　　　 Deng Chaobin: "Then, in view of the situation of the day and the whole case, all the gambling personnel with nine public officials actively cooperated with our public security organs to investigate and realized their mistakes. Then, taking these situations into consideration as appropriate, 12 gambling personnel, including these nine public officials, were finally sentenced to administrative detention for 10 days and fined 500 yuan. Zhang, who provided conditions for gambling, was detained for 15 days and fined 3,000 yuan."

　　　　　　 Subsequently, according to the handling mechanism of the public security organs, these nine public officials were handed over to the discipline inspection and supervision department for further handling.

　　　　　　 Deng Chaobin: "Because our public security organs have a case-handling cooperation mechanism with the Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Supervisory Committee, that is to say, once it is found that a public official in this country or party member has violated relevant laws and regulations and been seized by various departments, law enforcement departments and law enforcement case-handling departments, we must hand over the relevant clues to the Commission for Discipline Inspection and Supervision. According to this mechanism, if we are required to complete this case, we will submit the relevant clues to the Commission for Discipline Inspection and Supervision in time, and

　　　　　　 Nine people were detained on the 10 th and then handed over to the county commission for discipline inspection.

　　　　　　 Then, how did these nine public officials who participated in gambling get demoted or otherwise punished? In this regard, we interviewed the local Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Education Bureau.

　　　　　　 He Wenjin, deputy secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection of Yongsheng County: "After they (the public security organs) informed us, we also organized personnel to analyze it, because we had to analyze the specific case, and then we found that these nine public officials had three identities."

　　　　　　 According to the staff of the Disciplinary Committee of Yongsheng County, Lijiang City, after the public security organs handed over nine public officials to the Disciplinary Committee, they found that these nine public officials had three different identities. He Wenjin: "One is a civil servant, the other is a people’s teacher, and the other is an employee of an enterprise. Therefore, we have diverted its clues to different places according to the cadre management authority. The civil servants involved, that is, the county cadres, are handled by our Commission for Discipline Inspection, and then six teachers are involved. According to the cadre management authority, all of them are non-Party, so we have to hand them over to our Education Bureau for handling."

　　　　　　 Three public officials, two of whom are also party member. Therefore, the local discipline inspection departments have different results in dealing with them. He Wenjin: "Two civil servants, both of whom are department-level cadres, so we have to go through our procedures for filing a case, so we will deal with party member in accordance with the disciplinary regulations of the Communist Party of China (CPC), so we have given them a serious warning and this punishment. There is another civil servant. He is also a county-level cadre and a department-level cadre, but he is not party member. He is a non-party. Therefore, we will follow the regulations on the punishment of public servants, that is, civil servants in administrative organs. The regulations on which it is based are different. Therefore, according to that regulation, he was punished with administrative demerits. "

　　　　　　 At the same time, Yongsheng County Education Bureau also received clues from the public security department and the discipline inspection department.

　　　　　　 Director of Yongsheng County Education Bureau and Genjie: "We strictly follow the specific provisions in the Provisional Regulations on the Punishment of Staff in this institution, so Article 21 stipulates that the punishment should be given to lower the post level in the following circumstances. Then one of the following circumstances in Article 21 includes this gambling participant, who participates in gambling, and clearly stipulates that the punishment should be given to lower the post level."

　　　　　　 Subsequently, the local education bureau made a decision to lower the post level of six teachers involved. And the principals of the three schools to which these six teachers belong were given the accountability treatment of canceling the qualification of appraising the first year and reporting it to the county.

　　　　　　 Director of Education Bureau of Yongsheng County and Genjie: "As a teacher, the profession is special. We must face our next generation, train our next generation, and run a satisfactory education for the people. As a teacher, it will definitely have a greater impact than public officials in other units. It’s not that this is the way to deal with it this time. Before that, we also found that we would never tolerate it together. This is what we have always insisted on in strengthening the construction of the times. "

　　　　　　 The public official involved said that he thought it was entertainment at the beginning.

　　　　　　 Why do these public officials take part in gambling? We also contacted several public officials involved in the case. According to them, they thought it was entertainment at ordinary times, but they didn’t expect to be involved in gambling.

　　　　　　 The parties said that they met to play mahjong after shopping that day, and then they met to play mahjong at Zhang’s house. According to the parties, it is not the first time that they came to Zhang’s house to play mahjong, and they will give Zhang some fees every time they go. Regarding their participation in gambling, several parties said that they always thought it was daily entertainment and didn’t realize that they had violated the law.

　　　　　　 Although several parties said that they didn’t think they were gambling, they also revealed in their words that if they lost, they would actually have an impact on their lives, which has deviated from the original intention of entertainment. After the incident, several parties felt very regretful.

　　　　　　 Expert Interpretation: How to Define Gambling and Entertainment

　　　　　　 Seeing this, people who may love playing mahjong will have such questions: "Do I usually play mahjong as entertainment or gambling?" If you want to play mahjong reasonably and legally, you must know where the legal boundaries between entertainment and gambling are. Next, we will ask legal experts to interpret it.

　　　　　　 Zhu Wei, a professor at China University of Political Science and Law, said that regarding gambling, we should look at it separately. Firstly, the criminal law stipulates that there is gambling crime, which is generally for profit according to this business model. Secondly, there is a gathering plot, and there are certain standards for lottery. The provisions of this standard vary from place to place. If the other piece does not rise to the crime of gambling as stipulated in the criminal law, then there is an administrative punishment on gambling in the Administrative Punishment Law. According to its nature, it mainly depends on the circumstances, including whether he has this kind of business, including how big the lottery is after opening a casino, and it depends on the number of people he gathers.

　　　　　　 Regarding whether it constitutes a gambling crime, the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Specific Application of Laws in Handling Gambling Criminal Cases has made more detailed provisions. Among them, Article 1 stipulates that for the purpose of making profits, one of the following circumstances belongs to "gathering gambling" as stipulated in Article 303 of the Criminal Law: (1) organizing more than three people to gamble, and the total amount of tapped profits has reached more than 5,000 yuan; (2) Organizing more than three people to gamble, and the amount of gambling funds has reached more than 50,000 yuan; (3) Organizing more than 3 people to gamble, and the total number of gamblers has reached more than 20; (four) organizing more than 10 People’s Republic of China (PRC) citizens to gamble abroad, and collecting kickbacks and referral fees from them.

　　　　　　 As for whether it constitutes gambling in the Law on Public Security Administration Punishment, Professor Zhu Wei introduced that different regions have different standards for the amount of gambling funds because of different conditions such as economic development. By consulting the discretion standards of local public security organs, it was found that the lowest gambling funds included in the punishment were 200 yuan. The difference is that Shandong and Henan are defined as "per capita gambling amount", while Hebei and Jiangxi are defined as "individual gambling funds". The bottom line of punishment for personal gambling in Beijing and Liaoning is 300 yuan and 500 yuan respectively. Zhejiang divides the bottom line of individual gambling funds from 200 yuan to 500 yuan, "the specific amount is determined by the municipal public security organs according to the local law enforcement practice". Guangdong has also issued relevant discretionary standards by various cities. For example, the bottom line of punishment for personal gambling in Shenzhen is 500 yuan, and the bottom line of punishment in Qingyuan City is expressed as: "Personal gambling is dissatisfied with 500 yuan, the winning or losing amount is dissatisfied with 200 yuan or the highest single bet is dissatisfied with 50 yuan." At the same time, other provinces have their own regulations.

　　　　　　 Zhu Wei, a professor at China University of Political Science and Law, said that the lottery is constantly increasing, but the standard of gambling is constantly decreasing. It has a stricter standard. If this standard is lowered too low, people will feel that the boundary between entertainment and illegality is not easy to grasp. So many people have a chilling effect, and everyone is afraid to get together to play mahjong, which is problematic. However, this ceiling is too high, and if the law enforcement standards in many places are too loose, you will find that gambling is an addictive behavior. Many people who like gambling in novels or in real life are called gambler. Why is it called gambler? It is because of an addictive behavior. So sometimes in order to increase the punishment, as an example, several cases may be sentenced, which has a great influence in the local area, just to cut off this gambling atmosphere and let gambler know that the law has such provisions and dare not do such acts. So it has such an effect of warning society.

　　　　　　 What is the boundary between entertainment and gambling? Professor Zhu Wei believes that the difference between entertainment and gambling lies in whether it is for profit subjectively.

　　　　　　 Zhu Wei, a professor at China University of Political Science and Law, said, then the core lies in profitability. How do you assess these profitability? I think the criteria for determining this in daily judicial practice are different. It depends on whether you are friends, know each other well, and have known each other for more than ten years. We have been friends since childhood, and playing mahjong together, which is frequent, should not be recognized as profitability. Some people are friends, some are not friends, and everyone is gathered for the purpose of playing mahjong and gambling. At this time, it is very likely that you are presumed to be profitable in practice. The last point depends on whether he has regular behavior. For example, someone is reporting that this family often plays mahjong at night, many people make noise together, and often open such gambling halls. Moreover, neighbors have said that these people often have parties in this house, and everyone starts and ends at what time. With this police record and alarm record, it can be inferred that he has certain business and daily behavior, which is different from playing mahjong once or twice at home.

　　　　　　 The "two highs" clearly stipulate that public officials are "aggravated"

　　　　　　 At the same time, the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Specific Application of Laws in Handling Gambling Criminal Cases also clearly stipulates aggravating circumstances, including those who have the status of national staff, organizing national staff to gamble abroad, organizing minors to participate in gambling, or opening casinos to attract minors to participate in gambling. Professor Zhu Wei introduced that public officials involved in gambling in this case are aggravated offenders.

　　　　　　 Zhu Wei, a professor at China University of Political Science and Law, said that on the one hand, the reason for doing this is to set an example for the people, and more importantly, to avoid this hidden bribery. Because there are a lot of such bribes given to you through mahjong and gambling, if you want to bribe, you may not need to give money directly. It is no problem to have a meal and play mahjong, and you will lose tens of thousands of dollars directly and a lot of money to you. The parties are well aware of this, so the legislation fully took this into account and made a full article from the perspective of aggravated crimes, so you seem to be innocent. However, from the perspective of a whole society, it is very necessary to make such a provision for aggravated offenders, and this cut cannot be opened. Once it is opened, it will be entertainment, so it is good to give gifts to teachers, civil servants and play mahjong. Several people can easily make money with him. So this cut is linked to bribery again.

　　　　　　 So for ordinary people, how to grasp the boundary between gambling and entertainment?

　　　　　　 Zhu Wei, a professor at China University of Political Science and Law, said: "I think for ordinary people, there are several points to pay attention to. Since the first point is entertainment, you should not hold the mentality of winning money. The so-called lottery should not be too high. The second is whether you know these people. I think this is also a standard. Relatives and friends are entertainment. If you don’t know this person at all, is this entertainment? This is definitely not entertainment. The third point depends on how many people there are. For example, after entering a room, there are many tables of mahjong there, which is gambling in groups. “

Special feature of 1905 film network According to foreign media reports, a famous French actor, director and producer died on April 21st local time at the age of 80.

Jacques perrin is a legend of French films.

As an actor, at the age of 25, he won the Golden Lion Award for Best Actor at Venice Film Festival with the film "Half a Man".

Stills of Half a Man

As a producer, his works have been nominated for the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film for many times.

Based on the real assassination

Let behan be nominated for the Oscar as a producer for the first time

As a director, his nature documentaries and other epic works, which started shooting in 1980s, made him a documentary master in the hearts of global audiences, and also earned him the reputation as a French national treasure director.

To many people, jacques perrin’s artistic life seems to be open.He was born in France in 1941. Because his father was the stage supervisor and his mother was an actor, he lived in the theater since he was a child. Started in movie master at the age of six.Marcel CarnéGuest role in "Gate of the Night".

"Night Gate" screen

At the age of 20, he was admitted to the National Paris Institute of Advanced Theatre Arts and received professional training. In 1960, he took the leading role in the film of the famous Italian film director Valerio Surini, and made his mark in the film industry.

Stills of suitcase girl

In 1966, with his outstanding performance in Half a Man, he won the Golden Lion Award for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival, becoming one of the youngest film emperors in film history and the Prince Charming in the eyes of thousands of girls in Europe.

cooperate with

Today, people can’t take their eyes off him. However, at this time, jacques perrin has a broader ideal: to find broader freedom in movies.

In the days surrounded by flowers and applause, jacques perrin never stopped reflecting, just like his creative attitude. Because behind the open life, he also experienced the loss that outsiders can’t imagine.

In 1970, at the age of 29, jacques perrin gradually retired from the background and tried to be a producer. The number of films was amazing. Up to now, we are familiar with many French films, such as Children of Lumiere, Long Engagement and Perfume. You can not only find his figure in these films, but also find his name in the list of titles and producers.

Play the role of adult Pierre in Spring of Cowboy Class.

But he also experienced many box office fiasco. Especially in 1976, because of heavy debts, he was once forced to interrupt his production work.

Stills of "The Desert of Tatars"

It was Giuseppe tornado who made his name appear on the Oscar shortlist for best foreign language film in 1988. He played Duo Duo as an adult.

There are many middle-aged people in Paradise Cinema.

When many young people leave their hometown, they bid farewell to Alfredo. This grandpa’s line has made many people cry.

"Whatever you want to do in the end, love it!"

This seems to be the rule that jacques perrin abided by all his life. In 1989, the production of "Monkey Family" made him really shift his focus to the theme of natural ecology, which also marked the rise of animal movies in France.

Since 1994, jacques perrin has successively released the trilogy of "Heaven, Earth and Man": "Migrating Birds", with migratory birds, insects and mountain people as the main characters, which has aroused widespread concern.

Working photos of Migrating Birds

During most of his life devoted to nature documentaries, he flew over five continents with pilots and scientists for Migrating Birds, and crossed the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. The Himalayas and the Sahara Desert were also their stops. I also lost everything for "The Ocean".

Work photos of Ocean

The documentary "Ocean", which took a team of 400 people seven years and cost 75 million dollars, is the most expensive documentary in history. The film has shot more than 100 marine creatures, which not only shows the law of natural selection, but also tells the life of harmonious coexistence among marine creatures. Different from the common nature documentary, it records the vivid images of marine life that are little known and have strong feelings.

Jacques perrin has been preparing for Ocean for more than two years and filming for more than four years. He has designed the most advanced instruments to see the ocean with the vision of fish. He raised money while filming, and even had to resort to corporate sponsorship from all over the world to seek the support of publishers, film organizations and charities from all over the world. Later, the film overspent 9 million euros, which later became a huge debt on him.

In the end, The Ocean not only won the best documentary in César Awards, but also became the highest-grossing documentary in history.

Jacques perrin’s shooting technique of natural and ecological documentary has reached a fantastic level by the time of this film. He vividly reproduces the nature of the universe from three aspects: three-dimensional shooting of space, synchronization of sound and picture, and impersonal objective recording, bringing the audience into the natural ecology and immersing them in the movie dream.

In the dream, flocks of birds fly by us, and they will be deeply stared at by the cute sea lions.

"If the earth one day, only ourselves. Is there anything sadder than this? Our film is not the kind that always has a sequel, or we hope that the audience can experience the beauty of nature in the cinema! "

In 2015, jacques perrin was included as a member of the French Oceanographic Association, and worked closely with the world ecologists as a French eco-filmmaker, using the power of movies to awaken human beings’ attention to the earth’s ecological problems.

In China, the documentary directed by jacques perrin is the most familiar foreign documentary film, especially regarded as one of the compulsory courses of aesthetic education by family audiences. His Spring of Cowboy Class and Paradise Cinema have also influenced a generation of China filmmakers.

In memory of the French filmmaker familiar to the audience in China, the film channel will be held at:

At 8:50 on April 23, the documentary "Ocean" directed by jacques perrin was broadcast;

At 22:20 on April 25th, the classic movie Paradise Cinema starring jacques perrin was broadcast.

On April 30th, at 17:20 pm, World Movie Journey will launch a special program in memory of jacques perrin, so stay tuned!

　　CCTV News:The geostationary communication satellite represents the development level of a country’s satellite communication. It is an important resource that constitutes the foundation of the information superhighway and an important embodiment of a country’s comprehensive strength and technical level.

　　People who often travel in China know that mobile phones and notebooks can’t get on the Internet on flying planes and ocean-going ships. Similarly, on high-speed high-speed trains, mobile phone signals are intermittent. However, with the development of a new generation of communication satellites in China, full coverage of online chatting, ocean-going video entertainment and remote mountain signals will become a reality.

　　China’s independent research and development technology breaks the monopoly of foreign air communication

　　Maritime video will no longer be a dream.

　　On April 12, 2017, China successfully launched the Shijian-13 satellite in xichang satellite launch center using the long march 3b. After completing the on-orbit test, the satellite was named Zhongxing-16.This is the first Qualcomm communication satellite in China, with a total communication capacity of over 20G, which truly realizes the broadband application of autonomous communication satellites.

　　Zhang Wei, Senior Engineer of the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group:The development of Qualcomm measurement technology represents that we are now on the ground, and you can use our satellite to realize video. Originally, only one voice communication function can be realized. Now we can video, so there is still a great application direction, that is, our aircraft. This is the first time that China has used Ka-band broadband communication technology on communication satellites.

　　Satellite capacity is actually like a highway. The original C-band and Ku-band capacity of communication satellites can only accommodate two cars at the same time, and the cargo they can carry, that is, information and data, is limited. However, the capacity of Ka-band satellite is much larger, it can drive 10 or more cars on the road at the same time, and the amount of information and data it can carry far exceeds that of other frequency bands.The breakthrough of this technology means that broadband internet access can be realized anytime and anywhere through communication satellites in the future, especially in areas that cannot be covered by ground communication networks, as well as on aircraft, high-speed rail, ships and other means of transportation.

　　Zhang Wei:Now everyone on the plane knows that communication can’t be realized. After the technology of HTS (Qualcomm Communication Satellite) is popularized in the future, we can also realize our communication on the plane based on satellites, including high-speed rail, ships and so on. HTS is a very popular application direction.

　　Zhang Wei told reporters that relying on Qualcomm’s satellite communication technology, a satellite broadband communication network will be built in the future. By then, no matter whether you are in an airplane at an altitude of 10,000 meters, a high-speed high-speed train, or a ship in the vast sea, or a deserted desert, deep mountain or island, you can browse the network and make video calls at high speed.

　　At present, the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group has developed satellite mobile communication terminal products for outdoor, high-speed rail, ships and other aspects based on the Qualcomm satellite of Zhongxing 16. The original satellite communication terminals, limited by satellite design, are relatively large in size, and are generally installed on buildings or large vehicles.Now, relying on Qualcomm satellite, the terminal receiving device of communication satellite can be miniaturized, and ordinary household SUV can be installed.Zhang Ge, a senior engineer of the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group, demonstrated a portable satellite broadband communication system for reporters. This system has the function of one key to the satellite, and can quickly connect the network when the ground communication network is damaged or interrupted in the earthquake-stricken area.

　　In addition to this portable satellite broadband communication system, the team led by Zhang Ge is still developing satellite broadband communication systems for high-speed trains and ocean-going ships.

　　Zhang Ge, Senior Engineer of the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group:At present, our equipment supports more than 500 people, that is, if you install such a device on a luxury oil tanker, all the people on board can access the Internet directly via satellite by taking your ordinary mobile phone and connecting to the ship’s WIFI.

　　Combining technical test with demonstration application, Zhongxing-16 carried out high-speed laser communication test on the geosynchronous orbit satellite for the first time, with the highest speed of 2.4 G.. Satellite laser communication has the advantages of large communication capacity, long transmission distance and good confidentiality. If the test is successful, it marks that China has reached the international advanced level in this field.

　　On August 6th, 2016, China successfully launched Tiantong-1 satellite 01 in xichang satellite launch center, which is the first star of China satellite mobile communication system, also known as the "China version of maritime satellite", and its successful launch marks that China has entered the "mobile phone era" of satellite mobile communication.

　　After the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, the ground communication network in the earthquake zone was completely paralyzed. At that time, China did not have its own mobile communication satellite system, so it could only rent foreign satellite phones for earthquake relief. The international mobile satellite system has formed a number of global or regional mobile communication systems, which are not only widely used in personal communication, ocean transportation, offshore fishing, air passenger transport and other fields, but also can realize barrier-free communication and determine the location in the case of natural disasters such as earthquake, flood and frost. After the Wenchuan earthquake, Tiantong No.1 was established.

　　The reporter learned that the technical indicators and capabilities of Tiantong-1 satellite have reached the level of international mainstream mobile communication satellites, and it has completely independent intellectual property rights. In particular, Tiantong-1 satellite has solved the technical problem of deploying an oversized antenna, making the satellite telephone terminal used on the ground more miniaturized and mobile.

　　The selfless dedication of several generations of researchers has been passed down from generation to generation.

　　Make China’s satellite industry from scratch. From lagging behind to leading

　　In recent years, our communication satellites have been successfully launched and put into use, covering the cutting-edge technologies and applications in the development of communication satellites, such as broadcast and television live broadcast, Qualcomm broadband satellite, mobile communication satellite and data relay satellite. Looking back, when we started to develop satellites, we were not only poor. Moreover, the foundation is weak. Under such conditions, our researchers insisted on self-reliance and selfless dedication, and finally embarked on a road of research and development of China communication satellites. Although this road was not smooth, it also experienced setbacks and hardships.

　　In the exhibition hall of the Fifth Academy of China Aerospace Science and Technology Group, real products from Dongfanghong-1 to Dongfanghong-4 satellites are displayed, which have witnessed the development of communication satellites in China.

　　Dongfanghong-1 was China’s first artificial earth satellite developed by the older generation of space scientists and technicians through self-reliance under the conditions of poverty and weak economic and technological foundation at that time. Due to the limitation of technical level at that time, it did not have communication function.

　　Zhang Wei, Senior Engineer of the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group:After the success of this satellite, it actually created a precedent for our country’s artificial earth satellite, but its significance only reflects from scratch, so our satellite will be put into use after all.

　　After the successful launch of Dongfanghong-1, in order to make the communication satellite truly practical, the older generation of space science and technology personnel, represented by Sun Jiadong and Qi Faren, established the belief of "developing China people’s own communication satellite on their own". After nine years of hard work, Dongfanghong-2 communication satellite was finally developed successfully. On April 8, 1984, Dongfanghong-2 experimental communication satellite was successfully launched, making China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch geostationary orbit satellites.

　　Constrained by the technical level of electronic component development and material science research at that time, Dongfanghong-2 satellite had a small load and a short service life. The C-band transponder of the satellite had only two channels, while the C-slope transponder of the international advanced communication satellite had reached 24 channels at that time, and its service life was as long as ten years.

　　Zhang Wei:At that time, the power it could provide was very small, because there were so many solar cells, so it could provide so much power. Therefore, at that time, the on-orbit life of our country’s communication satellites was relatively short, that is, five years, and the effective power it could provide was very low, so the so-called transponder number was just a few transponders.

　　The main load of communication satellite is transponder, and one transponder can transmit more than ten sets of standard definition TV programs. The greater the load of communication satellite, the more transponders, which means that more radio and TV programs can be transmitted and more communication capacity can be provided. Zhang Wei told reporters that because Dongfanghong No.2 could not meet the needs of customers at that time, there was also a debate about "buying stars" or "making stars" in China. Under the circumstances at that time, astronauts had no choice but to develop Dongfanghong-3 satellite according to the international level at that time under the condition of weak technical foundation and poor facilities.

　　Zhang Wei:Dongfanghong-2 is a spin-stabilized satellite. By Dongfanghong-3, we have a three-axis stabilized satellite. With the adoption of the solar wing, the technology has a great leap forward, and we can only inherit about 20% of the technical foundation of Dongfanghong-2, and the remaining 80% is based on the independent innovation of our astronauts in China.

　　From the national project in 1986 to the successful launch of Dongfanghong-3 satellite in 1997, researchers have solved hundreds of technical difficulties in 11 years, gnawed down more than ten "hard bones" and experienced the pain of the first satellite launch failure. Dongfanghong-3 satellite not only achieved a leap in the development technology of communication satellites in China, but also provided a highly reliable communication satellite platform for China’s space industry.

　　In 2000, Dongfanghong-4, aiming at the international first-class level, began to be developed. The design life of the satellite platform was increased to 15 years, and the number of transponders carried was increased to 52. At that time, the market goal of Dongfanghong-4 communication satellite was not only to occupy the domestic market, but also to go out and seize the international market.

　　While researching and developing the communication satellite platform of Dongfanghong-4, they are also exploring the market of Dongfanghong-4. In May 2002, they signed a purchase order contract for Xinnuo-2 satellite with Xinnuo Satellite Communication Co., Ltd.; In May, 2004, he participated in the bidding for the whole satellite development and launch project of Nigeria Communication No.1 satellite, and stood out from 21 companies including the United States, France and Britain, and won the bid successfully.

　　Zhang Wei:Dongfanghong-4 satellite, its weight reached 5 to 5.5 tons, and its load capacity reached about 600 kilograms. This level was actually at the same level as the international advanced level at that time, so through Dongfanghong-4, we actually realized a transformation process from following to running together.

　　In 2010, focusing on the demand of high-power communication satellites in the next 20 years, a new generation of Dongfanghong-5 satellite with high load, high power, long life and expandability began to be developed. At the same time, the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group is also tracking the most advanced technology in the world and expanding the technical level of the original satellite platform. In order to improve the payload of communication satellites, they have to make the electronic system smaller and smaller.

　　Gong Jianglei, deputy director designer of the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group: These products are actually a hardware product based on the integrated electronic system on our entire communication satellite.Now these four products have actually replaced more than 20 previous products. The previous products were relatively large in quantity and volume, and we have reduced them by about 50%, which is also a relatively leading level in the whole world.

　　It is an inevitable choice for the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group to follow the world’s leading technology and achieve technological transcendence in some technical fields. After graduating from Ph.D. in 2008, Chen Yue came to the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group to be responsible for the control and promotion of communication satellites. Just after working for more than two years, he proposed to the institute the research on electromagnetic propulsion of communication satellites without working medium, which was still controversial at that time.

　　Chen Yue, deputy director designer of the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group:Everyone’s main doubt is that this technology may be scientifically researched and developed in engineering before it is fully explained. Is it risky or is there a principled error? This is the main controversy.

　　Communication satellites in space need to adjust their attitude and maintain their orbits, so satellites will carry a lot of propellant. The traditional chemical propulsion method is to generate thrust by propellant oxidation. At present, the electric propulsion method used in satellites is to ionize the carried working medium gas, and then spray the plasma to generate thrust. Both of these propulsion methods need to carry working medium, that is, propellant and gas.

　　Chen Yue:Figuratively speaking, these liquids or gases stored in the tank, once these working fluids are used up, the engine can no longer be used, and its life is up. And our current propulsion mode, this electromagnetic propulsion, is that as long as there is electricity, as long as the equipment can work normally, it can work and generate thrust.

　　There is no technology and experience to learn from, and there is no reference to any foreign materials. This technology is in the initial stage of technical experiment at home and abroad, and Chen Yue and his team are facing great challenges.

　　In order to encourage young people to innovate, the Fifth Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group set up a special fund for R&D and a special fund for doctoral growth to give financial support. Moreover, the core R&D personnel were not assessed for three years, and they were given strong support in personnel and experimental equipment to ensure that they concentrated on technical research.

　　Chen Yue:Through the independent research and development fund of the Science and Technology Committee of our institute and the independent research and development fund in our institute, we can support us, so that we can focus on this matter without worrying about the guarantee of conditions. It can be said that this is like an incubation. If there were no such incubation conditions at the beginning, we would not have this progress.

　　The reporter learned that at present, many key technologies of Dongfanghong-5 satellite platform, which represents that China’s communication satellites have reached the international leading level, have made major breakthroughs and need to be verified in orbit. Dongfanghong-5 platform has a total satellite power of 30,000 watts, a payload of more than 2,000 kilograms, and 120 transponder circuits, and some technical indicators exceed the level of developed countries. Most of the products on Dongfanghong-5 platform can be truly localized, independently controllable and no longer dependent on imports.

　　Half-hour observation: Aerospace, China’s brightest "business card"

　　From the first Dongfanghong-1 satellite to the world-leading Dongfanghong-5 satellite, the development of China’s communication satellites has gone from scratch, from following to running in parallel.

　　The development level of communication satellites represents a country’s scientific and technological level in the field of space science and technology, and it is also an important embodiment of a country’s comprehensive strength. Although we have experienced failures and setbacks in the development of communication satellites, we have finally been at the forefront of international communication satellites in just a few decades.

　　This is the result of the silent and selfless dedication of the vast number of aerospace science and technology workers, and it is also a continuation of the spirit of the older generation of astronauts.

　　Source of this article: CCTV Finance "Economic Half-hour"